NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory
At NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), scientists study atmospheric and other processes that affect air quality, weather, and climate. By better understanding the dynamic Earth system, we can better understand what drives this afternoon's haze, next month's hurricanes, and next century's climate. ESRL researchers monitor the atmosphere, study the physical and chemical processes that comprise the Earth system, and integrate those findings into environmental information products. Our work improves critical weather and climate tools for the public and private sectors, from hourly forecasts to international science assessments with policy-relevant findings.
ESRL scientists completed several projects in the Arctic this fiscal year: a study of air chemistry that contributes to haze and unexpectedly fast warming in the region; a physics study of clouds that affect the Arctic's temperatures; and an unmanned aerial survey of meltwater lakes on Greenland's ice. ESRL researchers are working internationally to improve Arctic observations while extending 35 years of operations at Barrow, AK. Payoff: ESRL's Arctic research provides timely data on a fast-changing region of global concern and improves our understanding of global climate and air quality.
ESRL expanded its national network of tall tower sites with new measurement systems in Iowa and West Virginia. At tall towers, instruments take continuous readings of greenhouse gases and other gases that affect climate and air quality. Tall towers are part of the inter-Departmental North American Carbon Program. Payoff: The Nation is better equipped to verify natural and man-made carbon fluxes, information that will underpin national and international decisions on climate.
Soot and Aerosols
ESRL researchers study the chemicals and particles in the atmosphere, which can affect human health, visibility, cloud formation, and climate change. Recent studies reported on soot emissions by ships and the effects of North American wildfires on Arctic climate. Payoff: ESRL studies of atmospheric chemicals and particles are key to understanding regional air quality problems and climate change.
ESRL scientists helped launch the National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS), analyzed the effect of climate change on Colorado's water supply, and co-authored state-of-knowledge assessments for the U.S. Climate Change Science Program, on the ozone layer, abrupt climate shifts, and other issues. ESRL researchers also led "attribution" studies to determine the causes of high-impact events, such as the 2008 Midwest floods. Payoff: ESRL's contributions to science assessments provide crucial and unbiased information to help inform local, national, and international decisions about air quality, weather, climate, and risk.
The new ESRL-built, advanced global model FIM (the Flow-following, finite-volume Icosahedral Model) is producing reliable weather forecasts. By the summer of 2008, experimental predictions from FIM were often as accurate as, or more accurate than, operational models. Payoff: FIM will likely be used by the National Weather Service to improve weather forecasts, including hurricane track and intensity forecasts.
Depletion of Earth's protective ozone layer can cause skin cancer and damage crops. ESRL scientists have monitored ozone for 40 years, noting recent signs of slow recovery-a result of the Montreal Protocol's phasing out of many ozone-depleting chemicals. ESRL scientists and co-authors reported that because some ozone-depleters are greenhouse gases, the Protocol also slowed climate change. Their paper won a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency award in May 2008. ESRL scientists have also linked ozone and climate in Antarctica-ozone loss there has helped keep the continent cooler than predicted. As Antarctic ozone recovers, surface temperatures may rise. Payoff: ESRL's research is a foundation for policy discussions about ozone layer protection and climate.
Science on a Sphere©, an educational tool invented by ESRL Director Dr. Alexander MacDonald, was installed in eight museums and other institutions in 2008-including the new Sant Ocean Hall at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History-bringing the total to 26. The giant, luminous sphere displays animations of scientific data, from hurricanes to climate change. Payoff: ESRL educational programs contribute to a more scientifically literate society.
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